Tráfico de Organos
El tráfico de órganos humanos se define como la extracción de órganos de un ser humano con fines comerciales.
México es un país verdaderamente envuelto en esta situación por muchas razones principales, entre ellas se hallan:
* Como México es un país que geográficamente se halla entre América Latina y Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, mucha gente que intenta cruzar es detenida en el camino por los traficantes, éstos pueden ser explotados en muchas ramas como prostitución, esclavitud, y entre otras razones… pueden ser víctimas del tráfico de órganos porque al final es la manera más barata para ellos y que deja más ganancias.
* Mucha gente en México que es afectada por este comercio ilegal, es gente de recursos económicos escasos para poder sobrevivir, entonces si los traficantes los ataca, hay pocas posibilidades de salvarse porque son gente que muchas veces ni es protegida por su gobierno. Además, dependiendo de la cultura, padres dan a sus hijas a cambio de ganado o dinero, después de eso, los padres se deslindan de lo que le pueda pasar a su hija y es mucho más fácil para los traficantes poder hacer lo que gusten con ella.
* También, como mucha gente tiene escasos recursos, a veces recurren a la medida extrema de vender sus órganos, pero como hay dinero de por medio, es un crimen.
Leyes Mexicanas
* Ley Federal contra la Delincuencia
Capítulo Único
Artículo 2: Haciendo referencia a la Ley General de Salud, un castigo será establecido si tres o más personas se organizan para lograr exitosamente el tráfico de órganos.
* Ley General de Salud
Artículo 461: 4 – 15 años de prisión / 300 – 700 días de salario mínimo a aquél que traslade fuera del territorio nacional, órganos, tejidos y sus componentes de seres humanos. Si el responsable es un profesional de la salud, se añadirá una suspensión hasta por siete años.
Artículo 462: 6 – 17 años de prisión / 8 – 17 mil días de salario mínimo a aquél que obtenga, conserve, utilice, prepare, suministre, comercie o promueva la obtención ilegal de órganos, tejidos y/o sus componentes, así como a cualquier receptor conocedor del origen ilícito de los mismos. En caso de a intervención de auxiliares o técnicos de la salud se aplicará una suspensión de cinco a ocho años, en caso de residencia hasta seis años.
* Ley General para Prevenir, Sancionar y Erradicar los Delitos en Trata de Personas y para la Protección y Asistencia a las Víctimas de estos Delitos
Capítulo II De los delitos en Materia de Trata de Personas
Artículo 10: En caso de que alguien capte, enganche, transporte, transfiera, retenga, entregue, reciba o aloje a una o varias personas con fines de explotación se le impondrá de 5 – 15 años de prisión / 1000 – 20, 000 días de salario mínimo; en caso de tráfico de órganos el término explotación refiere a la extracción, retención y/o comercialización de órganos, tejidos y células de seres humanos.
International Treaties <---> Mexican Law
Analyzing this tematic since an international point of view, we can assume that Organ Trafficking must be prevented, prosecuted and punished, not only on a national level, but also as a cordinated and colaborative system at a global or, at least, regional level. This is the main reason Mexico decided to sign the "La Lucha Contra la Trata De Personas; Manual Para
Parlamentos”, treaty created by the United Nations in an effort to fight back, not only Organ Trafficking but any type of Human Trafficking.
For the main objective of our blog, we decided to focus our analysis in a segment of the previously mentioned treaty named as "Protocolo Para Prevenir, Reprimir y Sancionar La
Trata de Personas, Especialmente Mujeres y Niños, Que Complementa La Convención
De Las Naciones Unidas Contra La Delincuencia Organizada Transnacional". This part was created during the final stage of the year 1998, in it, it's mainly established in several articles different dispositions in order to "prevent and combat human trafficking; protect and help the victims; promote the colaboration of Estates for fighting Human Trafficking" (Article 2).
After this brief introduction we'll like to compare Human Trafficking, and also Organ trafficking, between International treaties and Mexican Law.
In the document signed by UN members, Human Trafficking is defined as "the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation".
Meanwhile Mexican Law defines trafficking in organs (Article 462 of the Ley General de Salud) as the obtention, conservation, use, preparation, suministration, trade, transplantation or even promotion of the illegal procedure of forced Organ transplantations.
As we can see, the only treaty signed by the Mexican country is more general than the articles contained in several legislations, for example the newest legislation made during Calderon's mandate. For having a strong regulation of this Black Market it is essential to understand that, as every issue concerning trade, international colaboration as a support of national legislations will always be better than International treaties or national laws by their own.
Videos concerning Organ Trafficking Dilemma
Now-a-days, web media is essential
to have more concise information about any topic, and even to have a better
understanding of the same topic. That’s the reason we decided to recommend our
lectors some highly reliable videos about Organ Trafficking:
International Humanist and Ethical
Union. “Organ Trafficking and organ Transplantation.” June 26th, 2008. Youtube.
October 31st, 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFj1Od2v8_I&feature=related>
Precise
introduction classifying this type of Human Trafficking in mainly three
categories:
·
moving the donor
·
moving the organ
·
moving the person to the donor
Then,
a professor of the New York University testifies about organ transplantion occured
in China, which is, as well as India, one of the countries where the illegal organ transplantation happens the most. He also
explains how a civilian have the access to executed prisioners’ organs.
Impactant
testimony from an University of Pennsylvania’s professor explaining how fraud
is involved in several cases of forced donation. Also, we can observe a debate
between two experts of the topic, discussing how recommended is to legislate
organ sellings.
Finally,
several solutions are propose to stop Organ Trafficking, such as:
·
end with poverty and analphabetism
·
improve primary health care in “donor countries”
·
deny medical insurance for the people who received a transplant from
abroad
·
establish more international agreements against organ trafficking
NA. “IOPO. The Experience of Organ
Donation- Perspectives.”July 3rd, 2009. Youtube. October 31st, 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vOQMoWGbUg>
In
this video, it’s presented a real case of legal donation and, of course, the
impact each organ donation had in order to save, no one but several lives. It
also includes, a testimony of a “waiting list patient”, how was to have the
uncertainty of not having a donor, and what was the feeling of finally having
an organ ready to be transplanted.
Russia Today. “Cruel Harvest:
Exposed organ trafficking cashed in on poor and prisioners.” November 14th,
2010. Youtube. October 31st, 2012.<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLjDXwmzhI4>
News
informing Kosovo’s case in Organ Trafficking, the crime involved happened
several years ago, but the seven criminals who commited were charged recently
(during 2010).
Charges
include: fraud, factor that, as we can ovserve reading our blog, is occuring
more constantly every year. Anyhow, a severe critique was made to NATO bombing
against Kosovo, because it is considered that it was an important factor to
obstruct the prosecution against the criminals in the right time.
Developed Countries: developed trafficking system
The costs of an organ in the black
market varies from country to country, so as it particular operating system, but
at least in developed countries such as USA, traffickers frequently negotiate first
with the demmand part, and, only after this step, they look for the forced
donators. Victims are promised to receive a certain monetary reward that, in
several cases, never show up.
Black market
operations involving purchased human organs now take place annually and,
allegedly, more than one per hour.
The World Health Organization (WHO) got data of some of the recent transplanted and
sold organs all over the world, showing that:
- Talking about legal donations, about
60% are kidneys, satisfying just the 10% of the global need.
- Criminal groups trick migrants into various
revenue generating black market activities.
- From all the organs in the
market, kidneys make the 75%, of all global illicit trade in organs.
- Tourists are the principle
victims. Migrants first pay human
smugglers become victims of kidnapping as they are told to pay thousands
of dollars to be released. If the migrants are unable to pay for the
rescue, they become victims of organ trafficking as their kidneys are
taken and sold on the black market.
“The demand for
donated human organs in wealthy nations is rising much faster than the supply
of organs donated through traditional means can meet, leading to a small but
growing number of people living in poverty who sell their vital organs to the
highest bidder”, Andrew O’Reilly (Fox News journalist).
For further
information we recommend to visit: http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/08/16/organ-trafficking-on-rise-in-united-states/
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